The Sanskrit present tense (laṭ) across four representative classes: I (bhvādi), II (adādi), IV (divādi), VI (tudādi). Each tab shows the full parasmaipada — and ātmanepada where the root takes it.
Class I (bhvādi) — the default verb class. Present stem: root + guṇa + thematic -a-. √bhū "to be, become" → bhava-. Whitney §626, MacDonell §127.
| Class I · bhū Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | bhavāmi | bhavāvaḥ | bhavāmaḥ |
| 2nd | bhavasi | bhavathaḥ | bhavatha |
| 3rd | bhavati | bhavataḥ | bhavanti |
Most Sanskrit verbs belong to class I. Form the present stem by strengthening the root vowel to guṇa and adding the thematic vowel -a-: √bhū → bhava-, √nī → naya-, √jīv → jīva-. Endings are the standard parasmaipada set.
Fill in the conjugation — 9 forms per pada.
| Class I · bhū Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | |||
| 2nd | |||
| 3rd | |||
Class II (adādi) — athematic, endings attach directly to the root. √as "to be" (copula). Strong stem as-, weak stem s-. Whitney §636, MacDonell §132.
| Class II · as Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | asmi | svaḥ | smaḥ |
| 2nd | asi | sthaḥ | stha |
| 3rd | asti | staḥ | santi |
Class II verbs have no thematic vowel — endings attach directly to the root. This creates a strong/weak stem alternation like consonant nouns: strong stem (1st/2nd/3rd sg. + 3rd pl.) vs. weak stem (rest). √as is the Sanskrit copula — the most frequent verb in the language. Note santi (3rd pl.) with the nasal.
Fill in the conjugation — 9 forms per pada.
| Class II · as Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | |||
| 2nd | |||
| 3rd | |||
Class IV (divādi) — present stem = root + -ya-. √div/dīv "to play, shine" → dīvya-. Also: √naś → naśya-, √mad → madya-. Whitney §661, MacDonell §135.
| Class IV · div Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | dīvyāmi | dīvyāvaḥ | dīvyāmaḥ |
| 2nd | dīvyasi | dīvyathaḥ | dīvyatha |
| 3rd | dīvyati | dīvyataḥ | dīvyanti |
Class IV adds the suffix -ya- to the (often unstrengthened) root: √div → dīvya- (with lengthening), √naś → naśya-. The -ya- is then followed by the thematic vowel and standard endings. Don't confuse with the passive -ya- — class IV -ya- is accented on the root, passive -ya- on the suffix.
Fill in the conjugation — 9 forms per pada.
| Class IV · div Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | |||
| 2nd | |||
| 3rd | |||
Class VI (tudādi) — thematic like class I, but with accent on the ending and no guṇa of the root. √tud "to strike" → tuda-. Also: √viś → viśa-, √muc → muñca-. Whitney §669, MacDonell §137.
| Class VI · tud Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | tudāmi | tudāvaḥ | tudāmaḥ |
| 2nd | tudasi | tudathaḥ | tudatha |
| 3rd | tudati | tudataḥ | tudanti |
| Class VI · tud Ātmanepada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | tude | tudāvahe | tudāmahe |
| 2nd | tudase | tudāthe | duddhve |
| 3rd | tudate | tudāte | tudante |
Class VI looks identical to class I in the paradigm table — same endings, same thematic -a-. The difference is phonological: (1) the root does not take guṇa (√tud stays tud-, not †tod-), and (2) the accent falls on the ending, not the root. In practice: if a root appears in class VI, just decline it like class I but skip guṇa.
Fill in the conjugation — 9 forms per pada.
| Class VI · tud Parasmaipada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | |||
| 2nd | |||
| 3rd | |||
| Class VI · tud Ātmanepada | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st | |||
| 2nd | |||
| 3rd | |||