Seven words that follow no regular paradigm — each with its own stem alternation. They include some of the commonest nouns in the language: pathin "path", pums "man", śvan "dog", yuvan "young", ahan "day", sakhi "friend", ap "waters" (plural only). Whitney §393–431.
Three unique stems: panthān- (strong), pathi- (middle), path- (weak). Whitney §394.
| pathin m. "path, road" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | panthāḥ | panthānau | panthānaḥ |
| Acc. | panthānam | panthānau | pathaḥ |
| Ins. | pathā | pathibhyām | pathibhiḥ |
| Dat. | pathe | pathibhyām | pathibhyaḥ |
| Abl. | pathaḥ | pathibhyām | pathibhyaḥ |
| Gen. | pathaḥ | pathoḥ | pathām |
| Loc. | pathi | pathoḥ | pathiṣu |
| Voc. | panthāḥ | panthānau | panthānaḥ |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| pathin m. "path, road" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
| Dat. | |||
| Abl. | |||
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Strong pumāṃs-, weak puṃs-. The s drops before bh: pum-bhyām. Whitney §395.
| pums m. "man, male" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | pumān | pumāṃsau | pumāṃsaḥ |
| Acc. | pumāṃsam | pumāṃsau | puṃsaḥ |
| Ins. | puṃsā | pumbhyām | pumbhiḥ |
| Dat. | puṃse | pumbhyām | pumbhyaḥ |
| Abl. | puṃsaḥ | pumbhyām | pumbhyaḥ |
| Gen. | puṃsaḥ | puṃsoḥ | puṃsām |
| Loc. | puṃsi | puṃsoḥ | puṃsu |
| Voc. | puman | pumāṃsau | pumāṃsaḥ |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| pums m. "man, male" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
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Strong śvān-, weak śun- (the vowel changes entirely!), middle śva-. Whitney §427.
| śvan m. "dog" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | śvā | śvānau | śvānaḥ |
| Acc. | śvānam | śvānau | śunaḥ |
| Ins. | śunā | śvabhyām | śvabhiḥ |
| Dat. | śune | śvabhyām | śvabhyaḥ |
| Abl. | śunaḥ | śvabhyām | śvabhyaḥ |
| Gen. | śunaḥ | śunoḥ | śunām |
| Loc. | śuni | śunoḥ | śvasu |
| Voc. | śvan | śvānau | śvānaḥ |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| śvan m. "dog" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
| Dat. | |||
| Abl. | |||
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Strong yuvān-, weak yūn- (with long ū!), middle yuva-. Parallel to śvan. Whitney §427.
| yuvan m. "young man" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | yuvā | yuvānau | yuvānaḥ |
| Acc. | yuvānam | yuvānau | yūnaḥ |
| Ins. | yūnā | yuvabhyām | yuvabhiḥ |
| Dat. | yūne | yuvabhyām | yuvabhyaḥ |
| Abl. | yūnaḥ | yuvabhyām | yuvabhyaḥ |
| Gen. | yūnaḥ | yūnoḥ | yūnām |
| Loc. | yūni | yūnoḥ | yuvasu |
| Voc. | yuvan | yuvānau | yuvānaḥ |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| yuvan m. "young man" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
| Dat. | |||
| Abl. | |||
| Gen. | |||
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Neuter with n/r alternation: nom. sg. ahaḥ (or ahar), ins. ahnā, pl. ahāni. Whitney §430.
| ahan n. "day" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | ahaḥ | ahnī | ahāni |
| Acc. | ahaḥ | ahnī | ahāni |
| Ins. | ahnā | ahobhyām | ahobhiḥ |
| Dat. | ahne | ahobhyām | ahobhyaḥ |
| Abl. | ahnaḥ | ahobhyām | ahobhyaḥ |
| Gen. | ahnaḥ | ahnoḥ | ahnām |
| Loc. | ahani | ahnoḥ | ahaḥsu |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| ahan n. "day" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
| Dat. | |||
| Abl. | |||
| Gen. | |||
| Loc. | |||
Strong sakhāy-, weak sakhy-/sakhi-. Unique gen. sg. sakhyuḥ (with -u-!), acc. pl. sakhīn. Whitney §431.
| sakhi m. "friend, companion" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | sakhā | sakhāyau | sakhāyaḥ |
| Acc. | sakhāyam | sakhāyau | sakhīn |
| Ins. | sakhyā | sakhibhyām | sakhibhiḥ |
| Dat. | sakhye | sakhibhyām | sakhibhyaḥ |
| Abl. | sakhyuḥ | sakhibhyām | sakhibhyaḥ |
| Gen. | sakhyuḥ | sakhyoḥ | sakhīnām |
| Loc. | sakhyau | sakhyoḥ | sakhiṣu |
| Voc. | sakhe | sakhāyau | sakhāyaḥ |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| sakhi m. "friend, companion" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | |||
| Acc. | |||
| Ins. | |||
| Dat. | |||
| Abl. | |||
| Gen. | |||
| Loc. | |||
| Voc. | |||
Defective — only plural forms exist. p → d before bh: adbhiḥ. Whitney §393.
| ap f. "waters" (plural only) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | — | — | āpaḥ |
| Acc. | — | — | apaḥ |
| Ins. | — | — | adbhiḥ |
| Dat. | — | — | adbhyaḥ |
| Abl. | — | — | adbhyaḥ |
| Gen. | — | — | apām |
| Loc. | — | — | apsu |
Fill in all forms. The cells marked "—" are defective (no form exists).
| ap f. "waters" (plural only) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nom. | — | — | |
| Acc. | — | — | |
| Ins. | — | — | |
| Dat. | — | — | |
| Abl. | — | — | |
| Gen. | — | — | |
| Loc. | — | — | |